What is Knowledge? The ‘Justified True Belief’ Model Timeline Game
Summoning Knowledge...
Put the following events in chronological order.
Temporal Tangle
Put the events in order from earliest to latest.
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Take the Quiz - Challenge your recall of the key facts and figures.
Temporal Tangle
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Reconstruct the key facts from this lesson.
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About This Challenge
Introducing our new game that challenges players to think critically about the concept of knowledge and the ‘Justified True Belief’ model.
- Players will be presented with a series of events and must determine the correct chronological order in which they occurred.
- The game will test players’ understanding of how knowledge is obtained and justified through evidence and reasoning.
Need a Hint? View the Facts
- 369-370 BCE: Plato introduces the idea of knowledge as justified true belief in his dialogue 'Theaetetus'
- 350 BCE: Aristotle critiques the 'justified true belief' model in his work 'Posterior Analytics'
- 5th-13th century CE: Medieval philosophers like Augustine and Aquinas discuss the nature of knowledge in relation to faith and reason
- 1641: René Descartes introduces foundationalism as a theory of knowledge in his work 'Meditations on First Philosophy'
- 1689: John Locke proposes the idea of knowledge as 'reliable true belief' in his 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding'
- 1781: Immanuel Kant introduces the concept of synthetic a priori knowledge in his 'Critique of Pure Reason'
- 1963: Edmund Gettier publishes his famous paper 'Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?' challenging the 'justified true belief' model
- 1969: Keith Lehrer and Thomas Paxson propose the 'defeasibility theory' of knowledge in response to Gettier's challenge
- 1976: Alvin Goldman introduces the 'causal theory of knowledge' as an alternative to the 'justified true belief' model
- 1996: Linda Zagzebski develops a virtue epistemology approach to knowledge in her book 'Virtues of the Mind'
- 2005: Duncan Pritchard proposes a 'safety-based' theory of knowledge in his work 'Epistemic Luck'
- 2000: Timothy Williamson defends a 'knowledge-first' approach to epistemology in his book 'Knowledge and its Limits'
- 2008: Jennifer Lackey explores the role of testimony in knowledge acquisition in her book 'Learning from Words'
- 2007: Ernest Sosa introduces the 'virtue reliabilism' theory of knowledge in his work 'A Virtue Epistemology'
- 2007: Miranda Fricker develops the concept of 'epistemic injustice' in her book 'Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing'
- 2017: Duncan Pritchard and Jesper Kallestrup propose a 'contextualist' theory of knowledge in their book 'The Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Contextualism'
- ongoing: Current debates in epistemology focus on issues such as the nature of knowledge, the role of justification, and the reliability of belief-forming processes